Glossary Entries beginning with R

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Glossary of Agricultural Production, Programs and Policy

4th Edition

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R (rainfall-runoff erosivity factor)

See Rainfall-runoff erosivity (factor) (R), Revised Universal Soil Loss equation (RUSLE), and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).
See Also:
Rainfall-runoff erosivity (factor) (R). Revised Universal Soil Loss equation (RUSLE). Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).

RAMP

See Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP).
See Also:
Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP).

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A molecule similar to DNA that functions primarily to decode instructions for protein synthesis carried by genes.
See Also:
DNA. protein.

Raceway(s)

A fish culture method utilizing concrete (also earth, stone, metal, and plastic) chutes and high-quality flowing water, constructed to mimic a stream. The fish are in a confined area with a continuous flow of water passing through the confined area. Raceways can either be a natural flow system, using the natural flow of a river or stream, or a closed system where the water from the raceway flows through a series of ponds and then is pumped into a header pond that flows back into the raceway. The water area for a closed system is the surface acres of the raceway and of all associated ponds. The area for a natural flow system is the surface acres that the raceway occupies. The predominant specie raised in a raceway system is trout. Also Flow-through raceway; flow-through system. See Pond(s).
See Also:
culture. Flow-through raceway; flow-through system. pond. Pond(s).

Rainfall-runoff erosivity (factor) (R)

An indication of the two most important characteristics of a storm determining its erosivity: amount of rainfall, and peak intensity sustained over an extended period. When other factors are constant, storm losses from rainfall are directly proportional to the product of the total kinetic energy of the storm (E) times its maximum 30-minute intensity (I). Storms of less than 0.5 inches are not included in the erosivity computations because these storms generally add little to the total R value. R factors represent the average storm Erodibility Index values over a 22-year record. See Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).
See Also:
R. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).

Raised (inventory)

An animal that was born into and kept within the business entity. See Purchased (inventory).
See Also:
Purchased (inventory).

Rake

An implement that turns the row of hay over so that the bottom side will dry.
See Also:
hay.

Ram(s)

Uncastrated male sheep of any age that are typically part of the breeding herd for raising lambs. See Buck.
See Also:
Buck.

Random sampling (scouting)

A scouting method that relies upon continuous inspections throughout most of a field. It is better suited for regions with variable soils within fields. See Point sampling (scouting), Sample(s); sampling, and Scout(ing).
See Also:
Point sampling (scouting). Sample(s); sampling. Scout(ing).

Range

Land supporting indigenous vegetation that is grazed or that has the potential to be grazed and is managed as a natural ecosystem. See Rangeland(s).
See Also:
ecosystem. Rangeland(s).

Range condition(s)

The quality of rangeland reflected in its ability, within specific vegetative areas, to support various levels of productivity in accordance with range management objectives and the land-use planning process. Range conditions relate to soil quality, forage values (whether seasonal or year round), wildlife habitat, watershed and plant communities, the present state of vegetation of a rangeland site in relation to the potential plant community for that site, and the relative degree to which the kinds, proportions, and amounts of vegetation in a plant community resemble that of the desired community for that site.
See Also:
forage. habitat. land-use planning. plant. rangeland. soil quality. watershed.

Range improvement(s)

Any activity or program on or relating to rangelands that is designed to improve production of forage, change vegetative composition, control patterns of use, provide water, stabilize soil and water conditions, and provide habitat for livestock and wildlife. The term includes, but is not limited to, structures, treatment projects, and use of mechanical means to accomplish the desired results.
See Also:
forage. habitat. livestock. program. soil.

Range(land) management

The studying, conserving, managing, protecting, enhancing, and sustaining of the varied resources of rangelands.
See Also:
resources.

Rangeland(s)

(1) Land, primarily in the West, that is used for the grazing of animals rather than for growing crops. (2) Land that is predominantly in grasses, grasslike plants, or shrubs suitable for grazing and browsing. Rangeland includes natural grasslands, savannahs, many wetlands, some deserts, tundra, and certain shrub communities. It also includes areas seeded to native vegetation or adapted and introduced species that are managed like native vegetation.
See Also:
grazing. Range. species. wetlands.

Rapeseed

A cool season oilseed plant, in the mustard family, whose oil had been used primarily for industrial uses prior to 1985. Since 1985 when the Food and Drug Administration found its oil safe for food uses, its production has expanded rapidly in the U.S. See Canola.
See Also:
Canola. Food and Drug Administration. mustard. oilseed. plant.

Rapid assay(s)

Diagnostic tests using emergingtechnology to identify and remove impurities from foods before they reach the consumer. See Antibody (based) assay(s), and Nucleic acid (based) assay(s).
See Also:
Antibody (based) assay(s). Nucleic acid (based) assay(s). technology.

Raptors

Birds of prey.

Rate of return on assets (ROA)

A profitability measure representing the rate of return on business assets during an accounting period. ROA is calculated by dividing the dollar return to assets during the accounting period by the value of assets at the beginning of the period or the average value of assets over the period.

Rate of return on equity (ROE)

A profitability measure representing the rate of return of the equity capital that owners have invested in a business. ROE is calculated by dividing the dollar return to equity capital during an accounting period by the value of equity capital at the beginning of the period or the average value of equity capital over the period.

Ration conditioners

The use of molasses, fat, or water in animal feed to help improve acceptance.
See Also:
feed.

Ration(s)

Feed fed to an animal during a 24-hour period.
See Also:
Feed.

Ratite

The family of birds including ostriches, emus, and rheas.

Ratoon crop(ping)

The cultivation of an additional crop (such as sugarcane and rice) from the regrowth of stubbles of a main crop after its harvest, thereby avoiding replanting. For program purposes, a ratoon crop does not qualify as double cropping. Production from the second crop may be added to the first crop when updating yields for determining counter-cyclical payments. See Double-crop(ping)(ped), Intercropping, Mixed cropping, Relay cropping, and Sequential cropping.
See Also:
Double-crop(ping)(ped). first crop. Intercropping. Mixed cropping. program. Relay cropping. second crop. Sequential cropping.

Raw agricultural commodity(ies) (RAC)

As defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, any food in its raw or natural state, including all fruits that are washed, colored, or otherwise treated in their unpeeled natural form prior to marketing.
See Also:
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. marketing.

Raw cane sugar

Partially purified sucrose that is crystallized from cane juice without further purification.
See Also:
sucrose.

Raw sugar

Any sugar, whether or not principally of crystalline structure, that is to be further refined or improved in quality.

Raw value

The equivalent value of any quantity of sugar compared to raw sugar testing 96 sugar degrees.
See Also:
raw sugar.

Re-establish(ed) species

The establishment of a population of a species in a location or region where it historically occurred but no longer occurs naturally.
See Also:
species.

Real estate loans

Farm Credit Banks may make or participate with other lenders in long-term real estate mortgage loans in rural areas and to producers or harvesters of aquatic products for a term of not less than five nor more than 40 years.
See Also:
areas. rural.

Real rate of interest

The rate of interest earned after adjusting to the average rate of inflation.

Reamortization; reamortized

For the purpose of avoiding a default, the restructuring of a loan in which there is an existing delinquency of principal and interest. Under reamortization, the existing interest rate is applied to the remaining principal over the life of the original loan term. The delinquency, or arrearage, is typically "capitalized" by adding the delinquent amount into the principal amount and recalculating the new payments using the existing interest rate and loan term. Although the payment amount will go up, the delinquency is eliminated and the repayment of the delinquent amount is spread over the life of the loan. Reamortization can be accompanied with (a) an interest rate reduction, (b) an extension of the loan term, and (c) a reduction in the principal amount. Also Capitalization of arrears.
See Also:
Capitalization of arrears. loan.

Reasonable certainty of no harm

Under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, the replacing of the Delaney Clause for pesticide residues on raw and processed foods. The tolerance level is that level at which the aggregate exposure (including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for which there is reliable information) to the pesticide chemical residue will be lower, by an ample margin of safety, than the level at which the pesticide chemical residue will not cause or contribute to any known or anticipated harm to public health. In general, reasonable certainty of no harm is the application of a hundred-fold safety factor to the no observable effect level.
See Also:
Delaney Clause. Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. processed foods. reasonable certainty of no harm. tolerance.

Reassignment of deficits

Forsugar marketing allotments, the USDA may reallocateallotments in effect if any processor of sugarcane or sugarbeets will be unable to market sugar covered by the allotment.
See Also:
allotment. market. processor.

Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR)

TheEnvironmental Protection Agency process through which a decision is reached on whether or not to re-register suspect pesticides, issue a notice of intent to cancel or suspend, or hold a hearing. The presumption arises when there is a substantial question about the safety of the pesticide when measured against objective risk criteria.
See Also:
Environmental Protection Agency. pesticide.

Recall (meat and poultry)

The voluntary removal of meat or poultry from commerce when there is reason to believe it may be adulterated or misbranded. It may be initiated by the manufacturer or distributor of the meat or poultryor at the request of the Food Safety and Inspection Service. To date, no company has ever refused a request from the FSIS to recall a potentially unsafe food. If a company should refuse to recall their product, the FSIS has the legal authority to detain and seize meat and poultry products in commerce when there is reason to believe they are hazardous to public health or if other consumer protection requirements are not met.
See Also:
adulterated. Food Safety and Inspection Service. meat. misbranded. poultry.

Recapture

The ability of the USDA to recover loan funds subject to a debt write-down action if the property securing the debt should appreciate in value in the future. See Shared appreciation agreement (SAA).
See Also:
debt write-down. loan. Shared appreciation agreement.

Recapture event

Under a shared appreciation agreement, recapture takes place at the end of the term of the agreement, or (a) upon the conveyance of the property, (b) upon the repayment of the loan, or (c) if the borrower ceases farming operations. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 5314) provides that the USDA may modify a shared appreciation agreement, on which a payment has become delinquent, by using loan servicing tools if the default was beyond the control of the borrower and the borrower acted in good faith in attempting to repay the agreement. A reamortized loan may not exceed 25 years from the date of the original amortization agreement or provide for reducing the outstanding principal or unpaid interest due on the loan.
See Also:
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. loan. loan servicing. loan. recapture. shared appreciation agreement.

Recapture payment(s)

See Recapture event.
See Also:
Recapture event.

Receiving station (milk)

A facility where milk is collected from farm bulk milk trucks, stored, then shipped, usually in tractor-trailer units, to another destination.
See Also:
bulk. farm.

Receiving stations (tobacco)

Centralized buying points utilized for the direct purchasing of tobacco. Most commonly, it is the bypassing by tobacco companies of warehouses where flue-cured tobacco and burley tobacco have traditionally been marketed in favor of contracting directly with individual tobacco producers.
See Also:
burley tobacco. flue-cured tobacco. tobacco.

Recessive; recessive gene(s)

A gene that is inferior to another gene that controls the same trait. The inferior gene does not get expressed in the presence of a dominant gene.

Reciprocity

A traditional principle of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations that implied an approximate equality of concessions accorded and trade benefits received among or between participants in a negotiation. Under GATT, developing countries were not obliged to offer fully reciprocal concessions, a general principal that has been maintained in the World Trade Organization.
See Also:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). World Trade Organization.

Recirculating systems

Systems used to raise fish in a controlled environment. The fish are raised in tanks with continuously flowing water that is recirculated through a water treatment system and returned to the production tanks. The treatment may include mechanical filters to remove solids and biological filters to degrade the biological oxygen demand and nitrify the ammonia. Most recirculating systems replace about 10 percent of the system water volume daily to make up for evaporation and inefficiencies in the filtration process. See Pond(s), Raceway(s), Net pen, and Tank(s); circular tank (culture).
See Also:
biological oxygen demand. Net pen. Pond(s). Raceway(s). Tank(s); circular tank (culture).

Reclaimed water

See Reclamation.
See Also:
Reclamation.

Reclamation

(1) The reclaiming and reusing of wastewater, whether it be from agricultural, municipal, or industrial sources, or naturally impaired surface and groundwater. In particular, reclamation is associated with efforts to reclaim western water resources. Potential sources of water for reclamation include agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial wastewater, brackish surface and groundwater, and sources that contain toxins or other contaminants. Also Water recycling. (2) The process of reconverting disturbed lands, such as surfaced-mined lands, to their former and other productive uses. See Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP).
See Also:
agricultural runoff. groundwater. resources. Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP). wastewater. Water recycling.

Reclamation Recycling and Water Conservation Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-266)

Signed into law October 9, 1996. The Act authorizes the Bureau of Reclamation to participate in the design, planning, and construction of 16 new water reclamation and reuse projects.
See Also:
Bureau of Reclamation. water reclamation.

Reclamation Reform Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-293) (43 U.S.C. §§ 390aa to zz-l)

Signed into law October 12, 1982, and amended by P.L. 100-203 and P.L. 103-437. The Act requires districts that have certain repayment or water service contracts with the U.S. to develop water conservation plans that include definite goals, appropriate water conservation measures, and a time schedule for meeting the water conservation objectives.
See Also:
conservation.

Reclamation Wastewater and Groundwater Studies and Facilities Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-575)

Signed into law October 30, 1992. The Act authorized the Bureau of Reclamation to participate in feasibility studies, research, demonstration projects, the construction of five specific water recycling projects, and to promote water recycling as a viable option to expand western water resources.
See Also:
authorized. Bureau of Reclamation. resources. water recycling.

Reclamation districts

Local governmental agencies organized for (a) developing and implementing flood control measures, (b) wastewater transmission and treatment, (c) improving groundwater conservation, (d) supplying fresh water, (e) providing municipal utilities, (f) water improvement, (g) drainage, and (h) navigation.
See Also:
conservation. drainage. groundwater. wastewater.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Formed by combining segments of DNA from different organisms.
See Also:
DNA.

Reconcentration

The process for moving a warehouse-stored loan commodity to another warehouse location.
See Also:
warehouse.

Reconstitute(d); reconstitution

(1) The blending or mixing together of original constituents in the same proportions as found in the original complex substance. (2) The reorganization of a farm enterprise for the purpose of evading federal program limitations or prohibitions.
See Also:
blending. farm. program.

Reconstituted milk

Fluid milk recombined from ingredients (nonfat dry milk, condensed milk, cream, butter, and butter oil) or condensed milk. The product results from the mixing together and rehydration of a dried product of milk with water. For example, nonfat dry milk and water yields reconstituted skim milk. Adding cream or butter will yield reconstituted whole or lowfat milk. Adding vegetable oil yields filled milk.
See Also:
filled milk. Fluid milk. nonfat dry milk. reconstituted. skim milk.

Recorded yield

Under crop insurance, either an assigned yield or a producer's actual production history. See Assigned yield(s), and Actual production history (APH).
See Also:
Actual production history (APH). assigned yield. Assigned yield(s). crop insurance.

Recourse Loan Program for Commercial Processors of Dairy Product

See Recourse loan(s).
See Also:
Recourse loan(s).

Recourse loan(s)

A loan in which commodities may be used as collateral, but which must be repaid in cash rather than delivering the commodities, as permitted under a nonrecourse loan. The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996(Sec. 137) made recourseloans available for high-moisture feed grains and seed cotton. A recourse loan program was also authorized for commercial processors of dairy products following the eventual elimination of the dairy price-support program (Sec. 142), and for sugar processors when the federal government restricted the level of sugar imports to less than 1.5 million short tons. (Sec. 156). The recourse loans for high-moisture feed grains and seed cotton were reauthorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 1209). The dairy price-support program was not eliminated, and authority for a recourse loan program for dairy processors was repealed by the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002. A nonrecourse loan program for processors of domestically grown sugarcane and sugarbeets was authorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 1401(a)). See Nonrecourse loan(s), and Recourse seed cotton loans.
See Also:
Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002. authorized. dairy price-support program. dairy products. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996. feed grains. high-moisture. loan. loan program. nonrecourse loan. Nonrecourse loan(s). program. Recourse seed cotton loans. seed cotton.

Recourse seed cotton loans

Recourse loans are available on seed cotton as authorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 1209). Producers will be charged a loan servicing fee. To redeem seed cotton pledged as collateral, a producer must repay the loan plus interest and charges. If redeemed, following ginning, producers may pledge the lint cotton as collateral for a nonrecourse loan.
See Also:
authorized. charges. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. loan. nonrecourse loan. producer. seed cotton.

Red meat(s)

The color of certain meat due to the presence of myoglobin. Oxygen is delivered to muscles by the red cells in the blood. One of theproteins in meat, myoglobin, holds the oxygen in the muscle. The amount of myoglobin in animal muscles determines the color of meat. Beef is called a red meat because it contains more myoglobin than chicken or fish. Other red meats are veal, lamb, pork, and mutton. See White meat(s).
See Also:
Beef. meat. muscle. mutton. veal. White meat(s).

Red rice

Whole or large broken kernels of pest rice on which there is an appreciable amount of red bran. Red rice is an annual grass, adapted to an aquatic habitat, that shatters easily when ripe.
See Also:
annual. broken. habitat. pest.

Redeem(ed) (loans)

The satisfaction of a loanby providing cash or certificates and receiving the pledged grain collateral in return.
See Also:
grain. loan.

Redleg

See Rural Economic Development loans and grants.
See Also:
Rural Economic Development loans and grants.

Redry(ied)(ing)(ies)

The process of preparing tobacco for storage in hogsheads. First, moisture is removed from the tobacco leaves by applying heat, then the leaves are injected with steam until a pre-determined moisture level is reached, thus insuring a uniform moisture content.
See Also:
process. storage. tobacco.

Reduced acres

See Acreage Conservation Reserve (ACR).
See Also:
Acreage Conservation Reserve (ACR).

Reduced fat

A product that contains at least a 25 percent reduction in total fat per reference amount, when compared to an appropriate reference food.

Reduced lactose milk

Commercially prepared milk in which the lactose content has been reduced at a processing plant by adding the liquid enzyme lactase to pasteurized milk and storing it for 24 hours. When the appropriate level of reduction has been reached, usually 70 percent, the milk is pasteurized again. Reduced lactose milk tastes sweeter than traditional milk.
See Also:
lactose. processing.

Reduced yield (disaster payments)

Under former programs, payments made to eligible producers in compensation for reduced harvests because of a natural disaster. Producers of wheat, feed grains, peanuts, soybeans, and sugar were eligible if the total quantity harvested was less than 60 percent of the farm's established program yield times the acreage actually planted to the affected commodity. Rice and upland cotton producers were eligible for disaster payments if the total quantity of crop harvested was less than 75 percent of the farm's established program yield. Producers were not eligible for reduced yield disaster payments if prevented planting crop insurance was available in their county. Under the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996(Sec. 196), a reduced yield payment was available through the noninsured crop disaster assistance program on crops for which catastrophic coverage crop insurance was not available. An eligible producer must have been in an area that suffered a qualifying loss due to a natural disaster and must have harvested less than 50 percent of the expected individual yield for that crop. See Crop Disaster Program (CDP), Disaster payments, and Prevented planting disaster payments.
See Also:
acreage. commodity. Crop Disaster Program (CDP). crop insurance. disaster payments. eligible. eligible producer. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996. feed grains. Prevented planting disaster payments. program yield. qualifying loss. upland cotton.

Reduced-till(age)

See Mulch-till(age).
See Also:
Mulch-till(age).

Reference sire

A bull used as a benchmark in progeny-testing other bulls (young sires). Progeny by reference sires in several herds enable comparisons to be made between bulls not producing progeny in the same herd.
See Also:
bull. Progeny.

Referendum

In relation to food and agricultural policy, a vote by producers of a specific commodity for a proposed program that will obligate all producers to participate if a specified percentage of producers vote in favor.
See Also:
commodity. program.

Refined Sugar Re-Export Program

A program administered by the USDA that permits licensed refineries to import world-priced raw cane sugar duty-free and refine it for re-export, subject to certain conditions. Under this program, raw cane sugar that is imported must be re-exported as refined sugar or sold to a producer of sugar-containing products that incorporates the refined sugar into products for export. See Polyhydric Alcohol Program, and Sugar-Containing Products Re-export Program.
See Also:
duty. export. import. Polyhydric Alcohol Program. program. raw cane sugar. refined sugar. sugar-containing products. Sugar-Containing Products Re-export Program.

Refined sugar

Sugar that has passed through the refining process (involving removal of impurities) making it more suitable for direct human consumption or use in the manufacture of other foods.
See Also:
process.

Reforestation Trust Fund

A trust, established by the National Forest Management Act of 1976, to finance reforestation and timber stand improvements on National Forest lands.
See Also:
lands. National Forest. National Forest Management Act of 1976. reforestation.

Reforestation; reafforestation

The re-establishment of a tree crop on forest land.
See Also:
forest land.

Refuge(s) (Bt)

A common management technique used to delay, by up to ten years, the occurrence of field-level resistance to Bt insecticidal endotoxins. Refuges are areas where insects are not exposed to Bt endotoxins. Insects that emerge from these areas are available to mate with insects that emerge from Bt fields and are presumed to have developed resistant genes. The resulting intermating dilutes the occurrence of resistance. TheEnvironmental Protection Agencymandates that refuges be of a certain size and distance from Bt fields to insure greater effectiveness.
See Also:
Bt. Environmental Protection Agency. resistance. resistant.

Regenerative (sustainable) agriculture

A method of sustainable agriculture that emphasizes regeneration because it (a) enhances the revival of renewable resources essential to the achievement of a sustainable form of agriculture, and (b) is a concept that is relevant to many economic sectors and social concerns.
See Also:
renewable resources. sustainable. sustainable agriculture.

Regional (investment) board(s)

Under the Rural Strategic Investment Program, boards that will administer the program on the local level. The boards are composed of residents of a region that broadly represent diverse public, nonprofit, and private sector interests in investment in the region, including representatives of units of local government and Indian tribes. See National Board on Rural America.
See Also:
National Board on Rural America. program. Rural Strategic Investment Program.

Regional Pest Management Centers

Formerly the Pesticide Impact Assessment. A Smith-Lever 3(d) programthat defines and evaluates the benefits and risks of selected pesticides having critical agricultural and forestry uses. See Smith-Lever 3(d) funds.
See Also:
forestry. Pesticide Impact Assessment. program. Smith-Lever 3(d).

Regional aquaculture centers

See Aquaculture centers.

Regional economic integration (REI)

A process towards the progressive removal of economic and possibly political discrimination that exists along national borders and towards a regional union. The five most common tools of integration are: (a) free trade areas, (b) customs unions, (c) common markets, (d) economic union, and (e) political union.
See Also:
economic union. political union.

Registered cattle

Cattle with documentation certifying their breed purity or ancestry. See Purebred, and Seedstock (operation).
See Also:
breed. Purebred. Seedstock (operation).

Registered pesticides

See Registration (pesticides).
See Also:
Registration.

Registered seed(s)

The progeny of foundation seeds normally grown to produce certified seed.
See Also:
certified seed. progeny.

Registration (pesticides)

Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), theEnvironmental Protection Agencymust register a pesticide if the agency determines that its chemical composition seems to justify the efficacy claims made for it, that the manufacturer has complied with FIFRA labeling and data submission requirements, and that the pesticide will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, when used as intended and "in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice." See Experimental-use permits (EUP).
See Also:
Environmental Protection Agency. Experimental-use permits (EUP). Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). pesticide.

Regolith

The unconsolidated rock and mineral fragments found at the surface of the earth.

Rehabilitation (watershed structure)

For purposes of the Natural Resources Conservation Servicewith respect to a watershed structure, necessary work to extend the service life of the structure and meet applicable safety and performance standards, including (a) protecting the integrity of the structure or prolonging the useful life of the structure beyond the original evaluated life expectancy; (b) correcting damage to the structure from a catastrophic event; (c) correcting the deterioration of structural components that are deteriorating at an abnormal rate; (d) upgrading the structure to meet changed land use conditions in the watershed served by the structure or changed safety criteria applicable to the structure; or (e) decommissioning the structure. SeeWatershed Rehabilitation Program.
See Also:
Natural Resources Conservation Service. watershed. Watershed Rehabilitation Program.

Rehabilitation of Aging Dams

See Watershed Rehabilitation Program.
See Also:
Watershed Rehabilitation Program.

Reimbursement for net realized losses

Commodity Credit Corporation operations are financed by borrowing from the U.S. Treasury. Realized losses that occur during the operation of CCC programs are financed by this borrowing authority until reimbursed by appropriations. Under P.L. 87-155, annual appropriations were authorized each fiscal year, beginning in 1961, to replenish the CCC capital structure by reimbursing the CCC revolving fund for net realized losses resulting from the operation of the CCC programs. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 amended P.L. 87-155 to allow for losses to be reimbursed by means of a current, indefinite appropriation, but the net realized losses of the CCC continue to be reimbursed by annual appropriations. The Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000, authorized a current, indefinite appropriation up to the amount of actual losses reflected on the books of the CCC as of the close of the immediately preceding year. The Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002, authorized the CCC to be reimbursed for net realized losses sustained but not previously reimbursed.
See Also:
Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000. Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002. appropriation. authorized. CCC. Commodity Credit Corporation. fiscal year. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987.

Reinsurance year

The period from July 1 of any year through June 30 of the following year, and identified by reference to the year containing June. All eligible crop insurance contracts with sales closing dates within the reinsurance year are subject to the terms of the agreement applicable to that reinsurance year.
See Also:
eligible. reinsurance.

Reinsurance; reinsured

A method of transferring some of an insurer's risk to other parties. See Reinsured (reinsurance) company(ies); reinsurers; reinsured, and Reinsured (crop insurance) policy; reinsurance policy.
See Also:
Reinsured (crop insurance) policy; reinsurance policy. Reinsured (reinsurance) company(ies); reinsurers; reinsured.

Reinsured (crop insurance) policy; reinsurance policy

Policies sold by private companies under guidelines established by the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. Reinsured companies do their own servicing and adjusting. The FCIC will reimburse for some administrative costs, subsidize part of the premiums, and bear part of the loss. See Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA).
See Also:
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA).

Reinsured (reinsurance) company(ies); reinsurers; reinsured

Private insurance companies that market and provide full service, including claims processing, on crop insurance policies, and that bear increasing risk on such policies. The remainder of losses, if any, is borne by the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. The reinsured companies process insurance documents, bill and collect premiums, and pay losses according to the policy agreement and agreements with the FCIC. See Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA).
See Also:
crop insurance. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. insurance. market. reinsured. Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA).

Related Agencies

Under agricultural appropriations, the title that includes the Food and Drug Administration, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and the Farm Credit Administration accounts.
See Also:
agricultural appropriations. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Farm Credit Administration. Food and Drug Administration.

Related natural resources

Natural resources that are associated with soil and water, including air, plants, and animals, and the land or water on which they may occur, including grazing land, wetland, forest land, and wildlife habitat.
See Also:
forest land. grazing land. habitat. resources. soil. wetland.

Relay cropping

A form ofintercropping of two or more crops in a sequence, usually by planting the succeeding crop after the flowering but before the harvesting of the preceding crop. See Double-crop(ping)(ped), Intercropping, Mixed cropping, Ratoon crop(ping), and Sequential cropping.
See Also:
Double-crop(ping)(ped). intercropping. Mixed cropping. Ratoon crop(ping). Sequential cropping.

Release price

Formerly, the price at which producers who had grain stored in the Farmer-Owned Reserve could sell it without incurring penalties. The release price was stated as a specific nationwide price or as a percentage level substantially above the price-support loanlevel. Under the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, producerscould repay an extended FOR loan at any time. The FOR was suspended with the enactment of the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996.
See Also:
Farmer-Owned Reserve. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996. Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990. FOR. grain. loan. price-support loan.

Remote sensing

The detection or identification of an object, series of objects, or landscape without having the sensor in direct contact with the object.

Render(ing)(ed)

(1) The subjecting of remainder animal carcasses to grinding, extraction, heat, or other treatments to convert into by-products for use in feed rations and fertilizers. (2) The process that separates the by-products of muscle food production into fat/oil, water, gel bone, and meat and bone meal.
See Also:
bone meal. feed. meat. muscle food. process.

Renderer

Any person, firm, or corporation engaged in the business of rendering carcasses or parts or products of the carcasses, of cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, or other equines, except rendering conducted under inspection or exemption as provided in 12 U.S.C. §§ 601-624.

Renewable (natural) resource(s)

Resources, such as forests, rangeland, soil, and water, that can be restored and improved.
See Also:
rangeland. Resources. soil.

Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvements Program

As authorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 9006), Rural Business-Cooperative Service grants available toeligible agricultural producers and rural small businesses to purchase renewable energy systems and make energy improvements.
See Also:
authorized. eligible. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. renewable energy systems. rural.

Renewable Resources Extension Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-306) (16 U.S.C. §§ 1671 et seq.)

Signed into law June 30, 1978. The Act, as amended, provides funding to all states for an expanded and comprehensive Extension education program for forest and rangeland renewable resources. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 8101) extended the authority through FY2007. See Sustainable Forestry Outreach Initiative.
See Also:
Extension. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. program. rangeland. renewable resources. Sustainable Forestry Outreach Initiative.

Renewable energy

Under the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Title IX, Sec. 9001), energy derived from a wind, solar, biomass, or geothermal source; hydrogen derived from biomass or water using a wind, solar, biomass, or geothermal energy source.
See Also:
biomass. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002.

Renewable energy systems

Systems that provide continuously available energy from renewable resources as opposed to nonrenewable energy such as from coal, oil, gas, and nuclear energy. Such renewable energy systems include active and passive solar systems, hydroenergy (including tidal) systems, geothermal systems, and wind power systems. Under the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 6013 and 9001), such systems also include anaerobic digestors and biomass used for energy generation.
See Also:
anaerobic. biomass. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. renewable energy.

Renewal Communities (RC)

In December 2001, Housing and Urban Development designated forty Renewal Communities as authorized by the Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000. The act provides federal tax incentives and a framework for state and local governments to offer incentives and other benefits in exchange for the formation of alliances of local government, businesses, and community-based organizations for the purpose of adopting a comprehensive initiative for jobs development and retention. See Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community program (EZ/EC).
See Also:
authorized. Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000. Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community program (EZ/EC).

Renewed enrollment

Under the Conservation Reserve Program, a subsequent bid to enroll into the program land that was originally subject to a contract after the termination of such contract.
See Also:
Conservation Reserve Program. contract. enroll. program.

Rennet

An extract from the membranes of calves' stomachs that contains rennin, an enzyme that aids in coagulating milk or separating curds from whey.
See Also:
whey.

Rennet casein

Produced by the addition of rennet to milk. Casein is the only protein present in the final product. It is insoluble in water and is used to produce materials similar to plastics. There is some use of this product in processed cheese.
See Also:
Casein. protein. rennet.

Rental assistance

Known as Section 521 and provided by the Rural Housing Service, it is used in conjunction with the rural rental housing loans program to enable low- and very-low-income rural families to afford decent rural rental housing.
See Also:
program. rural. Rural Housing Service. rural rental housing loans. Section 521.

Renting quota (tobacco)

The payment for the right to grow and sell a specified quantity of tobacco. Generally, the tobacco is grown on the farm to which the quota is assigned.
See Also:
farm. quota. tobacco.

Reorganization (USDA)

Under Title II of the Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994 and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994, greater authority was given to the Secretary to streamline and reorganize the USDA. The reorganization was to lead to reducing the USDA federal workforce by 11,000 over five years; reducing the number of independent agencies from 43 to 29; closing or consolidating 1,100 field/county offices; combining producer programs into a single Consolidated Farm Service Agency (See Farm Service Agency (FSA)); elevating the USDA food safety functions; and making rural development a priority.
See Also:
Consolidated Farm Service Agency. county. Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994. Farm Service Agency (FSA). Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994. rural development.

Repair loans and grants

See Rural housing loans and grants (RHS).
See Also:
Rural housing loans and grants (RHS).

Repayment (of advance payments)

If a producer on a farm that receives an advance direct payment for a crop year ceases to be a producer on that farm, or the producer's share in the risk of producing a crop changes, theproducer shall be responsible for repaying the USDA the applicable amount of the advance payment before the date the remainder of thedirect payment is made.
See Also:
crop year. direct payment. farm. producer.

Replacement(s)

Livestock sold for purposes other than slaughter.
See Also:
Livestock.

Replant(ing); replanted crop

(1) Under the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000, the second planting of the first crop on the same acreage in the same crop year, if the replanting is required by the terms of the policy of the crop insurance on the first crop. See First crop, Second crop, and Prevented (from) planting. (2) The procedure whereby the insured re-seeds the same crop on the same insured acreage that had been severely damaged by an insured peril. Some crop insurance policies provide for payments to help offset the cost of replanting.
See Also:
acreage. Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000. crop insurance. crop year. First crop. Prevented (from) planting. Second crop.

Report language

Legislative history used as an aid to determine the intention of lawmakers when creating legislation. Report language, especially language that accompanies a conference committee bill, is considered the most authoritative source of legislative history. Legislative history embodied in report language is not law and is therefore not legally binding; yet, it is generally understood that an agency ignores such indications of Congressional intent at its own peril. See Agricultural appropriations, and Authorization(s); authorize(d)(s); authority(ies).
See Also:
Agricultural appropriations. Authorization(s); authorize(d)(s); authority(ies).

Reporting day

For livestock price reporting purposes, a day on which (a) a packer conducts business regarding livestockcommitted to the packer, or livestock purchased, sold, or slaughtered by the packer; (b) the USDA is required to make this price information available to the public; and (c) the USDA is open to conduct business.
See Also:
livestock. packer.

Reprocessing

The removal of contamination by trimming, washing, rinsing, or vacuuming. SeeOff-line (offline) (re)processing, and Rework.
See Also:
Off-line (offline) (re)processing. Rework.

Request to lock-in

Available for commodities under loan, stored both on-farm and in warehouses (except cotton). Producers will be able to lock-in a repayment rate at one time for a specific quantity of on-farm stored loan collateral. For warehouse-stored collateral, the amount specified must be the amount pledged as collateral on a warehouse receipt. The lock-in rate is good for 60 days, except for the 14 days before loan maturity.
See Also:
cotton. farm. loan. loan maturity. under loan. warehouse. warehouse receipt.

Reregistration

Since the passage of Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) amendments in 1988, theEnvironmental Protection Agency has been conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides (those initially registered before November 1, 1984) to consider their health and environmental effects and to make decisions about their future use. The EPA examines health and safety data for these pesticide active ingredients and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. To be eligible, a pesticide must have a substantially complete data base, and must not cause unreasonable risks to human health or the environment when used in accordance with its approved label directions and precautions. FIFRA, as amended in 1996 by the Food Quality Protection Act, requires that all pesticides meet new safety standards. The EPA must be able to conclude, with "reasonable certainty," that no harm will come to infants, children, or other sensitive individuals exposed to pesticides. All pesticideexposures (from food, drinking water, and home and garden use) must be considered in determining allowable levels of pesticides in food. The cumulative risks of pesticides and other compounds with common mechanisms of toxicity also must be considered. See Reasonable certainty of no harm, and Risk cup.
See Also:
eligible. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Food Quality Protection Act. pesticide. Reasonable certainty of no harm. Risk cup.

Rescheduling; rescheduled (loan)

The restructuring of a loan to increase its term for the purpose of avoiding loan default.
See Also:
loan.

Research Facilities Act (P.L. 88B74) (7 U.S.C. §§ 390 et. seq.)

Signed into law July 22, 1963. An Act, as amended, that provided assistance to states wishing to build additional agricultural research facilities at state agricultural experiment stations.
See Also:
agricultural research facilities.

Research Support Agreement (RSA)

A cost-reimbursable agreement between the USDA and a state cooperative institution for the USDA to acquire goods and services from the institution.
See Also:
state cooperative institution.

Research and promotion order

Commonly funded with checkofffunds. Each such federal order has specific enabling legislation providing details for implementation. Such orders attempt to increase consumer demand (domestic and foreign) through advertising, promotion programs, nutrition education and research, market research, new product and process development, technical assistance, and effectiveness evaluation. See Commodity research and promotion program(s).
See Also:
checkoff. Commodity research and promotion program(s). enabling legislation. market. order. process. technical assistance.

Research capacity

The quality and depth of an institution's research infrastructure as evidenced by its faculty expertise in the natural or social sciences, scientific and technical resources, research environment, library resources, and organizational structures and reward systems for attracting and retaining first-rate research faculty or students at the graduate and post-doctorate levels.
See Also:
resources.

Research equipment grants

The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 7401) amends the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 by authorizingthe awarding of competitive grants for scientific equipment for use in food and agricultural sciences programs in a college, university, or state cooperative institution. Such grants may not exceed $500,000.
See Also:
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. food and agricultural sciences. National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977. state cooperative institution.

Research, Education, and Economics Information System (REEIS)

As required by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (Sec. 804), the USDA will develop and carry out a system to monitor and evaluate research and Extension activities conducted or supported by the USDA. The system is to improve public access to research information, and satisfy budget accountability requirements.
See Also:
Extension. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996.

Research, Education, and Economics, USDA (REE)

The USDA mission area that includes the Agricultural Research Service, the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, the Economic Research Service, the National Agricultural Statistics Service, and the Department of Agriculture Graduate School.
See Also:
Agricultural Research Service. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service. Economic Research Service. mission area. National Agricultural Statistics Service.

Reservation extension agent(s)

See Extension Indian Reservation Program (EIRP).
See Also:
Extension Indian Reservation Program (EIRP).

Reserve

See Farmer-Owned Reserve (FOR).
See Also:
Farmer-Owned Reserve.

Reserve land(s)

Public lands, administered by the Bureau of Land Management, that are dedicated or set aside and managed for a specific public purpose or program, and that are generally not available for other purposes. See Multiple-use land(s).
See Also:
Bureau of Land Management. Multiple-use land(s). program.

Reserve pool

A quantity provision in a fruit and vegetable marketing order requiring that some marketable supplies be withheld from the primary (fresh) market for sale in a secondary food market (such as frozen or processed), for sale in a nonfood use, or for stocks to be sold in a future marketing year.
See Also:
market. marketing order. marketing year. processed. stocks.

Reserve stock level

Formerly, in the case of flue-cured tobacco, the greater of 100 million pounds or 15 percent of the national marketing quota for the marketing year immediately preceding the marketing year for which the level was being determined; and in the case of burley tobacco, the greater of 50 million pounds or 15 percent of the national marketing quota for the marketing year immediately preceding the marketing year for which the level was being determined. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 1610) changed the required flue-cured tobacco reserve stock level to the greater of 60 million pounds or 10 percent. The reserve stock level adjustment is one component of the calculation (along with manufacturers' purchase intentions and the average exports for the last three years) used to determine the basic quota level.
See Also:
burley tobacco. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. flue-cured tobacco. marketing year. national marketing quota. quota. stock.

Reserve supply level

Generally, a normal year's domestic consumption and exports plus ten percent of these levels to insure a supply adequate to meet domestic consumption and export needs in years of drought, flood, or other adverse conditions, as well as in years of plenty.
See Also:
export. normal year's domestic consumption.

Reserved water

See Federal reserved water.
See Also:
Federal reserved water.

Residence Instruction Grants for Insular Areas

As authorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 1491), USDA competitive grants to eligible institutions to (a) strengthen institutional educational capacities, attract and support undergraduate and graduate students, facilitate cooperative initiatives between two or more insular area eligible institutions, or between those institutions and state government or private organizations; (b) improve food and agricultural sciences teaching programs; and (c) conduct undergraduate scholarship programs to assist in meeting national needs for training food and agricultural scientists.
See Also:
authorized. eligible. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. food and agricultural sciences. insular.

Resident grading (and quality control)

Plant inspections, laboratory programs, inspection and grading, and certification of the finished product by an inspector stationed at an Agricultural Marketing Service-approved plant on a full-time basis.
See Also:
Agricultural Marketing Service. grading.

Residential/lifestyle farm(s)

Small farms whose operators report they have a major occupation other than farming. For these operators, the health of the off-farm economy is critical. Some operators in this group may view their farms strictly as a hobby that provides a farm lifestyle. For others, the farmprovides a residence and may supplement their off-farm income. Some may hope to eventually farm full-time.
See Also:
farm. farms. off-farm. Small farms.

Residual market

A market serviced after demand has been saturated in more profitable markets.
See Also:
market.

Residual supplier

A country that furnishes supplies to another country only after the latter has obtained all it can from preferred sources. The U.S. has been called a residual supplier at times when price-support programs maintained prices above world levels, thus providing an incentive for foreign buyers to satisfy demand with less expensive non-U.S. commodities first.

Residue management

See Mulch-till, No-till, Ridge-till(age), and Strip-till(age).
See Also:
Mulch-till. No-till. Ridge-till(age). Strip-till(age).

Residue management (seasonal)

Managing the amount, orientation, and distribution of crop and other plant residues on the soil surface during part of the year while growing crops in a clean, tilled seedbed.
See Also:
plant. seedbed. soil.

Residue processing

Operations that cut, crush, or otherwise break down residues in a step preparatory to tillage, harvesting, or planting operation.

Residue(s)

(1) The parts of a plant left after the economically useful part has been harvested. (2) A remainder that is retained after the removal of other substances. See Pesticide residue(s).
See Also:
Pesticide residue(s). plant.

Resistance

(1) The inherent ability of an animal or plant to resist threatening circumstances such as insect attack, diseases, toxic agents, or infection. (2) In the futures market, the price area above which the market has a reluctance to trade (possibly because of a lack of buying interest at that price level, or because of the abundance of sellers).
See Also:
futures market. market. plant.

Resistance (pesticides)

The ability of populations of pests to survive doses of a pesticidethat normally are lethal.
See Also:
pesticide.

Resistance management plans (Bt)

Environmental Protection Agency-mandated plans to be implemented byproducers growing transgenic crops, in an attempt to delay eventual field-level resistance by insects to the insecticidal qualities of the Btcrops. The most common management technique is the use of refuges where insects are not exposed to Bt endotoxins. The frequency of Bt resistance genes will not increase in the refuges. Insects that emerge from the refuges are available to mate with surviving insects (perhaps with resistance genes) that emerge from the fields with transgenic crops. The inter-mating will dilute the occurrence of resistance genes.
See Also:
Bt. Environmental Protection Agency. resistance. transgenic crops.

Resistant

Possessing the ability to resist or counteract.

Resource Conservation and Development Policy Advisory Board (PAB) (16 U.S.C. § 3457)

Authorized under the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 and permanently reauthorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 2504). The interagency forum, comprised of a minimum of seven full-time employees of USDA, that advises and recommends policy to the USDA regarding the administration of the Resource Conservation and Development Program.
See Also:
Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. Authorized. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. Resource Conservation and Development Program.

Resource Conservation and Development Program (RC&D)

Authorized under both the Food and Agriculture Act of 1962 and the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981, and permanently reauthorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Sec. 2504). A program designed to improve the capability of state and local units of government and local nonprofit organizations in rural areas to plan, develop, and carry out programs for resource conservation and development.
See Also:
Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. Authorized. conservation. Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. Food and Agriculture Act of 1962.

Resource conservation and development loans

Rural Utilities Service resource conservation and development loans made to sponsors of projects approved for operation by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Such loans are repayable in not more than 30 years with repayment of principal and interest deferred up to five years if necessary. These loans bear interest at the rate based on the average paid on similar Treasury issues. Loans may also be made for watershed and flood prevention. Such loans are made to local organizations for installing, repairing, or improving works of improvement and water storage facilities; for purchasing sites or rights-of-way; and for related costs. These type loans are repayable in not more than 50 years at an interest rate based on specific outstanding obligations of the Treasury.
See Also:
conservation. deferred. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rural Utilities Service. watershed and flood prevention.

Resource conservation district

See Conservation district(s).
See Also:
Conservation district(s).

Resource conserving crop

Legumes, legume-grass mixtures,legume-small grain mixtures, legume-grass-small grain mixtures, and alternate crop.
See Also:
legume. small grain.

Resource conserving crop rotation

A crop rotation that includes at least one resource conserving crop and that reduces erosion, maintains or improves soil fertility and tilth, interrupts pest cycles, or conserves water, thereby reducing the need for irrigation.
See Also:
crop rotation. erosion. irrigation. pest. resource conserving crop. soil fertility. tilth.

Resource management plan (RMP)

(1) A Bureau of Land Management planning document, prepared in accordance with Sec. 202 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, that has systematic guidelines for making resource management decisions for a resource area. Based on an analysis of an area's resources, its existing management, and its capability for alternative uses, RMPs are issue oriented and developed by an interdisciplinary team with public participation. (2) The National Forest Management Act of 1976required the preparation of resource management plans for each unit of the National Forest System. The Department of the Interior must use an interdisciplinary approach, coordinate with state and local resource management efforts, provide for public participation, and provide for multiple-useandsustained yield of products and services.
See Also:
Bureau of Land Management. Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976. multiple-use. National Forest Management Act of 1976. National Forest System. resources.

Resource management system

A conservation management system that, when implemented, achieves sustainable use of soil, water, and related natural resources.
See Also:
conservation management system. related natural resources. soil. sustainable.

Resources

(1) The available means for production. Land, labor, and capital are the basic means of production on farms. Land includes all the raw materials, gifts of nature, or natural resources used in production. Labor includes all the productive skills and energies of human resources. Capital includes all the materials, tools, and equipment. (2) Natural, manufactured, spiritual, physical, and mental supply or assistance.
See Also:
farms.

Rest

The avoidance of grazing or harvesting land for a growing season or other specified period of time. See Grazing rest.
See Also:
grazing. Grazing rest. growing season.

Restoration (food)

The addition to a food of essential nutrients that are lost during the course of processing or through storage and handling procedures, in amounts that will approximate normal levels.
See Also:
handling. processing. storage.

Restricted eggs

Eggs with cracks or checks in the shell, dirty eggs, incubator rejects,inedible eggs, leakers, or loss eggs.
See Also:
dirty. inedible eggs.

Restricted-entry interval

The mandatory period of time between application of a chemical and entry to the treated area.

Restricted-use pesticides (registration)

Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, if theEnvironmental Protection Agency decides that a pesticide may generally cause unreasonable adverse effects, the EPAmust classify it (or certain of its uses) for restricted use. A pesticide that is classified for restricted use may only be applied by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. In addition, under certain conditions, the EPA may subject pesticides classified for restricted use to whatever other restrictions EPA deems appropriate.
See Also:
certified applicator. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. pesticide.

Restrictive agreements

A type of differential assessment that requires landowners to sign contracts to keep land in agricultural use for ten years or more as a condition of eligibility for tax relief. If a landowner gives notice of intent to terminate a contract, the assessed value of the property increases during the balance of the term to the fullfair market value.
See Also:
contract. differential assessment. fair market value.

Restrictive business practice(s) (RBP)

Acts or behavior of enterprises, whether private or government-controlled, that abuse a dominant economic position and limit access to markets or otherwise unduly restrain competition. Such practices include collusion to fix export or import prices, allocate markets or customers, practice discriminatory pricing, set prices at which export goods can be resold, or otherwise restrictimports and exports.
See Also:
export. import.

Restructure(d); restructuring

See Loan restructuring.
See Also:
Loan restructuring.

Retail cuts

Cuts of meat in sizes that are purchased by the consumer.
See Also:
meat.

Retain(s)

Patronage refunds, allocated to members in the form of "written notices," that are retained by the cooperative for equity funding.
See Also:
cooperative.

Retained (crop insurance)

As applied to ultimate net losses, net book premium, or book of business, the remaining liability for ultimate net losses and the right to the associated net book premiums after all reinsurance has been ceded to the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation.
See Also:
book of business. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. net book premium. reinsurance.

Retaliation

The suspension of concessions or other obligations under a trade agreement or the imposition of other trade barriers by a government in response to the violation of a trade agreement or the initiation of other unfair trade practices by another government.
See Also:
trade barriers.

Retentate

The portion of the processing stream that is retained by the membrane during ultrafiltration. This stream contains compounds that are too large to pass through the pores of the membrane. See Permeate.
See Also:
Permeate. processing.

Retirement farm(s)

Small farms whose operators report they are retired. The operators may have had either a farm or a nonfarm major occupation before retirement. However, they are still engaged enough in farming to produce at least $1,000 of farm products, the minimum for an establishment to be classified as a farm. For many of these producers, the status of retirement programs and the return on savings and investments are more important than the state of the agricultural economy.
See Also:
farm. Small farms.

Return flow

(1) That part of a diverted flow that is not consumptively used and returned to its original source or another body of water. (2) Irrigation drainage water from irrigated farmlands that re-enters the water system to be used further downstream.
See Also:
drainage. irrigated. Irrigation.

Revenue assurance (RA)

A pilotrevenue insurance plan, authorized by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (Sec. 195), designed to protect a producer from a loss of income resulting from low prices, low yields, or a combination of both, when harvest revenue falls below a guaranteed level. The current pilot program is available for a limited number of crops and states. See Crop revenue coverage (CRC), Group Revenue Insurance Policy (GRIP),and Income protection (IP).
See Also:
authorized. Crop revenue coverage (CRC). Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996. Group Revenue Insurance Policy (GRIP). Income protection (IP). producer. program. revenue insurance.

Revenue assurance with harvest price option (RA-HPO; RA-HP)

A form of crop insurance similar to crop revenue coverage with premium costs currently being the major difference. Using a yield guarantee and a revenue guarantee, if yields on a given unit fall below the yield guarantee level, under RA-HPO a loss payment is made at the higher of the base price or the harvest price. See Crop revenue coverage (CRC), Group Revenue Insurance Policy (GRIP), Income protection (IP), and Revenue Assurance (RA).
See Also:
base price. crop insurance. crop revenue coverage. Crop revenue coverage (CRC). Group Revenue Insurance Policy (GRIP). harvest price. Income protection (IP). premium. Revenue Assurance (RA). unit. yield guarantee.

Revenue insurance

The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (Sec. 195) required the creation of a pilot insurance program for wheat, feed grains, soybeans, and other crops of the USDA's choosing for the crop years1997-2000. Whereas crop insurance covers only yield losses, revenue insurance pays when gross revenue (yield times price) falls below a specified level. The Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 amended the Federal Crop Insurance Act of 1980 to authorize livestock revenue insurance pilot programs to protect against the unexpected loss of revenue. General authority to extend insurance pilotprograms until the 2004 crop year at the discretion of the Risk Management Agency was included. See Crop revenue coverage (CRC), Group Risk Insurance Policy (GRIP), Income protection (IP), Revenue assurance (RA), and Yield-based insurance coverage.
See Also:
Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000. authorize. crop insurance. Crop revenue coverage (CRC). crop year. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996. Federal Crop Insurance Act of 1980. feed grains. Income protection (IP). insurance. livestock. program. Revenue assurance (RA). Risk Management Agency. Yield-based insurance coverage.

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)

A widely used model to predict soil loss on any field condition where soil erosion by water is possible. RUSLE can be expressed as follows: A = R K LS C P where A is the predicted average annual soil loss in tons per acre; R, rainfall- runoff erosivity factor; K, soil erodibility factor; L, slope length factor; S, slope steepness factor; C, cover-management factor; and P, support practice factor. See Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).
See Also:
A. acre. factor. L. P. S. slope. slope length. soil. soil erosion. support practice. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).

Revolving line of credit (RLOC)

On credit-line operating loans, providing to the producer/ borrower a credit line that can be outstanding at any one time. The borrower can borrow and repay as often as necessary, as long as the balance doesn't exceed the credit limit. Typically, an RLOC is for up to three years, with a requirement that the loan be paid to a minimum balance annually. See Open-end operating loan.
See Also:
loan. Open-end operating loan. producer.

Rework

Clean, unadulterated food that has been removed from processing for reasons other than insanitary conditions or that has been successfully reconditioned by reprocessing and is suitable for use as food. See Reprocessing.
See Also:
adulterated. Clean. processing. reprocessing.

Rhizosphere

Soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by the plant roots.
See Also:
plant. Soil.

Rice Millers' Association (RMA)

See USA Rice Federation.
See Also:
USA Rice Federation.

Rice Production Act of 1975 (P.L. 94B214)

Signed into lawFebruary 16, 1976. The Act directed the USDA to establish a nationalacreage allotment of 1.8 million acres for each of the 1976 and 1977 rice crops. It established the deficiency payment rate for the 1976 crop at $8 per hundredweight, adjusted for economic and agricultural factors, and established the 1977 price on the price paid in 1976, as adjusted. It further directed the USDA to make available price-support loans and purchases for the 1976 rice crop at a rate of $6 per hundredweight, as adjusted for economic and agricultural factors, to producers who cooperated with the rice acreage allotment. It based the 1977 price-support loans and purchases on the price paid in 1976, as adjusted. The Act set the payment limitation at $55,000 per person.
See Also:
acreage allotment. deficiency payment. hundredweight. payment limitation. person.

Rice blast

See Blast.
See Also:
Blast.

Rice bran

The layer directly beneath the hull, containing outer branlayers and parts of the germ. Rich in protein and natural B-vitamins, branis often used as cattle feed and in the manufacture of vitamin concentrates. Rice oil is extracted from the bran.
See Also:
bran. feed. germ. hull. protein.

Rice classes

There are seven classes of milled rice. Four classes are based on the percentage of whole kernels and rice types (long grain rice, medium grain rice, short grain rice, and mixed rice) and three classes based on the percentage of whole kernels and of brokens of different sizes (second heads, screenings, and brewers rice).
See Also:
milled rice. rice types. screenings. second heads.

Rice program

The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 provided for fixed, but declining transition payments,nonrecourse marketing assistance loans with marketing loan provisions, and loan deficiency payments for the 1996-2002 rice crops. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Title I) amended the program to provide a system of direct payments, counter-cyclical payments, and nonrecourse loans with marketing loan provisions through 2007.
See Also:
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996. marketing loan. nonrecourse marketing assistance loans. program.

Rice types

Long grain, medium grain, and short grain. Rice types are based on the length and width ratio of kernels of rice that are unbroken, and the width, thickness, and shape of kernels of rice that are broken, as prescribed in Federal Grain Inspection Service instructions.
See Also:
broken. Federal Grain Inspection Service. Long grain. medium grain. short grain.

Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (RBRNSLA)

See National School Lunch Act.
See Also:
National School Lunch Act.

Rick compactor

A machine that allows a producer to dump his harvested cotton within three walls, right on the ground. The machine is attached to a farm tractor, and a compactor at the back presses the dumped cotton with enough force that it retains its compacted shape. This machine is dragged along the ground to create an empty space at the front end where additional cotton can be dumped. As the machine is pulled forward, the compactor at the back continually packs the loose cotton as it passes out of the back of the machine.
See Also:
cotton. farm. producer.

Rick(s)

A compacted collection of cotton made by a rick compactor that could be made one hundred or more feet long. The desire to creates ricks of a standard size to ease transportation to thegin led to the creation of the cotton module. See Rick compactor.
See Also:
cotton. cotton module. gin. rick compactor.

Ridge-till(age)

The soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting except for nutrient injection. Planting is completed in a seedbed prepared on ridges with sweeps, disk openers, coulters, or row cleaners. Residue is left on the surface between ridges. Weed control is accomplished with herbicides or cultivation. Ridges are rebuilt during cultivation.
See Also:
disk. nutrient. Residue. seedbed. soil. Weed.

Riding the pool

Techniques by which a handler whose major concern is the production of manufactured products can arrange his business so as to legally participate in the pool. A handler (or a cooperative) "rides thepool" by disposing of just enough of his milk supply to qualify as a pool plant. In this way, the handler is able to return the generally higher pool price to producers than if the handler simply engaged in a routine manufacturing business. It has advantages because the handler can use the poolto pay more for the milk than what the manufacturing milk class prices would indicate.
See Also:
cooperative. handler. pool.

Right-hand side

For payment limitation purposes, the right-hand side of the significant contribution element of the actively engaged in farming requirement is the contribution of active personal labor, active personal management, or a combination thereof. See Left-hand side.
See Also:
active personal labor. active personal management. actively engaged in farming. Left-hand side. payment limitation. significant contribution.

Right-to-farm law

A state law or local ordinance that protects producersand producer operations from public and private nuisance lawsuits. A private nuisance interferes with an individual's use and enjoyment of his or her property. A public nuisance involves actions that injure the public at large.
See Also:
nuisance. producer.

Rill erosion

When rainwater moves fast enough to scour the land and removes soil such that small channels, or rills, remain. See Erosion.
See Also:
Erosion. soil.

Ring spinning

At textile mills, machines that draw cotton rope more thinly and finely, add twist, and wind onto bobbins.
See Also:
cotton.

Ringspot

Circular discoloration of leaves that is a symptom of viral disease.

Riparian

Pertaining to or situated on or along the bank of a stream or other body of water.

Riparian (water) rights

The legal water rights of a person owning land containing or bordering on a water course or other body of water in or to its banks, bed, or waters. Water rights along enclosed bodies of water are known as littoral rights.

Riparian areas

Land that occurs along streams, channels, rivers, and other water bodies. They are normally distinctly different from the surrounding land because of uniquesoil and vegetation characteristics, may be identified by distinct vegetative communities which are reflective of soil conditions that are normally wetter than adjacent soils, and generally provide a corridor for the movement of wildlife.
See Also:
soil.

Riparian buffer(s)

Land next to streams, lakes, and wetlands that is managed for perennial vegetation (grass, shrubs, or trees) to enhance and protect aquatic resources from adverse impacts of agricultural practices. See Conservation buffer(s) strip(s).
See Also:
Conservation buffer(s) strip(s). perennial. resources. wetlands.

Riparian forest buffer(s)

Areas of trees, usually accompanied by shrubs and other vegetation, that are adjacent to a body of water and are managed to maintain the integrity of stream channels and shorelines; reduce the impact of upland sources of pollution by trapping, filtering, and converting sediments, nutrients, and other chemicals; and supply food, cover, and temperature protection to fish and other wildlife. See Conservation buffer(s) strip(s).
See Also:
Conservation buffer(s) strip(s). cover. upland.

Riparian forests

Areas of forested land adjacent to a body of water, stream, river, marsh, or shoreline that form the transition between the aquatic and the terrestrial environment.

Riparian management zone(s)

The natural buffer area between logging and forestry activities and waterways that helps to filter sediment and other pollutants before the runoff enters the main watercourse.
See Also:
forestry. runoff. sediment.

Risk Avoidance and Mitigation Program (RAMP)

A Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, Integrated Activities, integrated pest management program designed to support long-term efforts to develop reduced-risk pest management strategies for cropping systems or agroecosystems on a multi-state or regional scale. RAMP provides support for these projects as part of a national effort to eliminate or minimize pesticide residues of concern on foods, in drinking water, and in the environment. Priority consideration is given to projects that enhance stability and sustainability of agricultural production systems by developing and implementing pest management systems that maintain productivity and profitability while addressing environmental quality and human health concerns. See Crops at Risk (CAR), Methyl Bromide Transitions Program (MBT), and Organic Transitions (ORG).
See Also:
Crops at Risk (CAR). Methyl Bromide Transitions Program (MBT). Organic Transitions (ORG). pest management.

Risk Management Agency (RMA)

The independent office created by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996